DNA base alkylation (adenine ==> N6-carbamoylmethyladenine; acetamide )
[c]: acetamide + AD ⇒ carbamoylmethyl6AD + (2) H
DNA base ethylation (adenine ==> 1-ethyladenine; diethyl sulfate)
[c]: AD + DES + H ⇒ e1AD + ES
DNA base ethylation (adenine ==> 1-ethyladenine; ethyl methanesulfonate)
[c]: AD + EMS + H ⇒ e1AD + MS
DNA base ethylation (adenine ==> 1-ethyladenine; ethyl nitrosourea)
[c]: AD + ENU + H ⇒ e1AD + NU
DNA base ethylation (adenine ==> 3-ethyladenine; diethyl sulfate)
[c]: AD + DES ⇒ e3AD + ES
... 132 more
DNA base ethylation (adenine ==> 3-ethyladenine; ethyl methanesulfonate)
[c]: AD + EMS ⇒ e3AD + MS
DNA base ethylation (adenine ==> 3-ethyladenine; ethyl nitrosourea)
[c]: AD + ENU ⇒ e3AD + NU
DNA base ethylation (adenine ==> 6-ethyladenine; diethyl sulfate)
[c]: AD + DES ⇒ e6AD + ES
DNA base ethylation (adenine ==> 6-ethyladenine; ethyl methanesulfonate)
[c]: AD + EMS ⇒ e6AD + MS
DNA base ethylation (adenine ==> 6-ethyladenine; ethyl nitrosourea)
[c]: AD + ENU ⇒ e6AD + NU
DNA base ethylation (adenine ==> 7-ethyladenine; diethyl sulfate)
[c]: AD + DES ⇒ e7AD + ES
DNA base ethylation (adenine ==> 7-ethyladenine; ethyl methanesulfonate)
[c]: AD + EMS ⇒ e7AD + MS
DNA base ethylation (adenine ==> 7-ethyladenine; ethyl nitrosourea)
[c]: AD + ENU ⇒ e7AD + NU
DNA base alkylation (adenine ==> 1,N6-etheno-adenine; chloroethylene oxide)
[c]: AD + chloroethylene_oxide ⇒ CL + epsilon1N6AD + (2) H + OH
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (adenine ==> 4,6-diamino-5-N-formamidopyrimidine; hydroxyl radical)
AD[c] + gamma_radiation[e] + H[c] + hydroxyl_radical[c] ⇒ FAPyAD[c]
DNA base methylation (adenine ==> 1-methyladenine; methyl methanesulphonate)
[c]: AD + H + MMS ⇒ m1AD + MS
DNA base methylation (adenine ==> 1-methyladenine; dimethyl sulfate)
[c]: AD + H + MMSO4 ⇒ m1AD + MSO4
DNA base methylation (adenine ==> 1-methyladenine; N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine)
[c]: AD + H + MNNG ⇒ m1AD + NNG
DNA base methylation (adenine ==> 1-methyladenine; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea)
[c]: AD + H + MNU ⇒ m1AD + NU
DNA base methylation (adenine ==> 3-methyladenine; methyl methanesulphonate)
[c]: AD + MMS ⇒ m3AD + MS
DNA base methylation (adenine ==> 3-methyladenine; dimethyl sulfate)
[c]: AD + MMSO4 ⇒ m3AD + MSO4
DNA base methylation (adenine ==> 3-methyladenine; N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine)
[c]: AD + MNNG ⇒ m3AD + NNG
DNA base methylation (adenine ==> 3-methyladenine; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea)
[c]: AD + MNU ⇒ m3AD + NU
DNA base methylation (adenine ==> 6-methyladenine; Methyl radical)
[c]: AD + CH3 ⇒ H + m6AD
DNA base methylation (adenine ==> 7-methyladenine; methyl methanesulphonate)
[c]: AD + MMS ⇒ m7AD + MS
DNA base methylation (adenine ==> 7-methyladenine; dimethyl sulfate)
[c]: AD + MMSO4 ⇒ m7AD + MSO4
DNA base methylation (adenine ==> 7-methyladenine; N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine)
[c]: AD + MNNG ⇒ m7AD + NNG
DNA base methylation (adenine ==> 7-methyladenine; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea)
[c]: AD + MNU ⇒ m7AD + NU
DNA base amination (adenine ==> 2-amino-adenine; ammonia)
[c]: AD + NH3 ⇒ (2) H + n2AD
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (adenine ==> 2-hydroxyadenine; hydroxyl radical)
AD[c] + gamma_radiation[e] + hydroxyl_radical[c] ⇒ H[c] + oxo2AD[c]
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (adenine ==> 8-hydroxyadenine; hydroxyl radical)
AD[c] + gamma_radiation[e] + hydroxyl_radical[c] ⇒ H[c] + oxo8AD[c]
DNA photoisomerization (2'-deoxycytidine-[6,4]-2'-deoxycytidine ==> 2'-deoxycytidine-[6,4]-2'-deoxycytidine dewar product; UV-B)
CSN64CSN[c] + UVB_radiation[e] ⇒ CSN64CSN_dewar[c]
DNA photoisomerization (2'-deoxycytidine-[6,4]-2'-deoxythymidine ==> 2'-deoxycytidine-[6,4]-2'-deoxythymidine dewar product; UV-B)
CSN64THY[c] + UVB_radiation[e] ⇒ CSN64THY_dewar[c]
DNA photodimerization (2'-deoxycytidine-p-2'-deoxycytidine ==> 2'-deoxycytidine-[6,4]-2'-deoxycytidine; UV-B)
(2) CSN[c] + UVB_radiation[e] ⇒ CSN64CSN[c]
DNA photodimerization (2'-deoxycytidine-p-2'-deoxycytidine ==> cyclobutane 2'-deoxycytidine dimer; UV-B)
(2) CSN[c] + UVB_radiation[e] ⇒ cyclobutane_CSNCSN[c]
DNA photodimerization (2'-deoxycytidine-p-2'-deoxythymidine ==> 2'-deoxycytidine-[6,4]-2'-deoxythymidine; UV-B)
CSN[c] + THY[c] + UVB_radiation[e] ⇒ CSN64THY[c]
DNA photodimerization (2'-deoxycytidine-p-2'-deoxythymidine ==> cyclobutane 2'-deoxycytidine 2'-deoxythymidine; UV-B)
CSN[c] + THY[c] + UVB_radiation[e] ⇒ cyclobutane_CSNTHY[c]
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (cytosine ==> cytosine glycol; hydroxyl radical)
CSN[c] + gamma_radiation[e] + (2) hydroxyl_radical[c] ⇒ CSN_GLYC[c]
DNA base ethylation (cytosine ==> 3-ethylcytosine; diethyl sulfate)
[c]: CSN + DES ⇒ e3CSN + ES
DNA base ethylation (cytosine ==> 3-ethylcytosine; ethyl methanesulfonate)
[c]: CSN + EMS ⇒ e3CSN + MS
DNA base ethylation (cytosine ==> 3-ethylcytosine; ethyl nitrosourea)
[c]: CSN + ENU ⇒ e3CSN + NU
DNA base alkylation (cytosine ==> 3,N4-etheno-cytosine; chloroethylene oxide)
[c]: chloroethylene_oxide + CSN ⇒ CL + epsilon3N4CSN + (2) H + OH
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (cytosine ==> 5-Hydroxycytosine; hydroxyl radical)
CSN[c] + gamma_radiation[e] + hydroxyl_radical[c] ⇒ H[c] + ho5CSN[c]
DNA base methylation (cytosine ==> 3-methylcytosine; methyl methanesulphonate)
[c]: CSN + MMS ⇒ m3CSN + MS
DNA base methylation (cytosine ==> 3-methylcytosine; dimethyl sulfate)
[c]: CSN + MMSO4 ⇒ m3CSN + MSO4
DNA base methylation (cytosine ==> 3-methylcytosine; N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine)
[c]: CSN + MNNG ⇒ m3CSN + NNG
DNA base methylation (cytosine ==> 3-methylcytosine; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea)
[c]: CSN + MNU ⇒ m3CSN + NU
DNA base methylation (cytosine ==> 4-methylcytosine; Methyl radical)
[c]: CH3 + CSN + H ⇒ m4CSN
DNA base methylation (cytosine ==> 5-methylcytosine; Methyl radical)
[c]: CH3 + CSN ⇒ H + m5CSN
DNA base ethylation (cytosine ==> 2'-O-ethylcytosine; diethyl sulfate)
[c]: CSN + DES ⇒ ES + O2eCSN
DNA base ethylation (cytosine ==> 2'-O-ethylcytosine; ethyl methanesulfonate)
[c]: CSN + EMS ⇒ MS + O2eCSN
DNA base ethylation (cytosine ==> 2'-O-ethylcytosine; ethyl nitrosourea)
[c]: CSN + ENU ⇒ NU + O2eCSN
DNA base methylation (cytosine ==> 2'-O-methylcytosine; N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine)
[c]: CSN + MNNG ⇒ NNG + O2mCSN
DNA base methylation (cytosine ==> 2'-O-methylcytosine; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea)
[c]: CSN + MNU ⇒ NU + O2mCSN
DNA photooxidation (2'-deoxyadenosine ==> 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine; UV-B)
DA[c] + UVB_radiation[e] ⇒ cyclodA[c] + (2) H[c]
DNA photooxidation (2'-deoxyguanosine ==> 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyguanosine; UV-B)
DG[c] + UVB_radiation[e] ⇒ cyclodG[c] + (2) H[c]
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (5,6-dihydroxyuracil; dialuric acid ==> 5-hydroxyhydantoin; hydroxyl radical)
DHURA[c] + gamma_radiation[e] + H2O[c] ⇒ CO2[c] + (2) H[c] + ho5hydantoin[c]
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (5-formyluracil ==> 5-Carbouyuracil; hydroxyl radical)
f5URA[c] + gamma_radiation[e] + hydroxyl_radical[c] ⇒ c5URA[c] + H[c]
Radiation (gamma-ray) induced strand break
dRibose5P_dRibose5P[c] + gamma_radiation[e] + H2O[c] ⇒ (2) DR5P[c] + H[c]
DNA base ethylation (guanine ==> 1-ethylguanine; diethyl sulfate)
[c]: DES + GN ⇒ e1GN + ES
DNA base ethylation (guanine ==> 1-ethylguanine; ethyl methanesulfonate)
[c]: EMS + GN ⇒ e1GN + MS
DNA base ethylation (guanine ==> 1-ethylguanine; ethyl nitrosourea)
[c]: ENU + GN ⇒ e1GN + NU
DNA base ethylation (guanine ==> 3-ethylguanine; diethyl sulfate)
[c]: DES + GN ⇒ e3GN + ES
DNA base ethylation (guanine ==> 3-ethylguanine; ethyl methanesulfonate)
[c]: EMS + GN ⇒ e3GN + MS
DNA base ethylation (guanine ==> 3-ethylguanine; ethyl nitrosourea)
[c]: ENU + GN ⇒ e3GN + NU
DNA base ethylation (guanine ==> 7-ethylguanine; diethyl sulfate)
[c]: DES + GN ⇒ e7GN + ES
DNA base ethylation (guanine ==> 7-ethylguanine; ethyl methanesulfonate)
[c]: EMS + GN ⇒ e7GN + MS
DNA base ethylation (guanine ==> 7-ethylguanine; ethyl nitrosourea)
[c]: ENU + GN ⇒ e7GN + NU
DNA base alkylation (guanine ==> 1,N2-etheno-guanine; chloroethylene oxide)
[c]: chloroethylene_oxide + GN ⇒ CL + epsilon1N2GN + (2) H + OH
DNA base alkylation (guanine ==> N2,3-etheno-guanine; chloroethylene oxide)
[c]: chloroethylene_oxide + GN ⇒ CL + epsilonN23GN + (2) H + OH
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (guanine ==> 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine; hydroxyl radical)
gamma_radiation[e] + GN[c] + H[c] + hydroxyl_radical[c] ⇒ FAPyGN[c]
DNA base methylation (guanine ==> 1-methylguanine; methyl methanesulphonate)
[c]: GN + MMS ⇒ m1GN + MS
DNA base methylation (guanine ==> 1-methylguanine; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea)
[c]: GN + MNU ⇒ m1GN + NU
DNA base methylation (guanine ==> 3-methylguanine; methyl methanesulphonate)
[c]: GN + MMS ⇒ m3GN + MS
DNA base methylation (guanine ==> 3-methylguanine; dimethyl sulfate)
[c]: GN + MMSO4 ⇒ m3GN + MSO4
DNA base methylation (guanine ==> 3-methylguanine; N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine)
[c]: GN + MNNG ⇒ m3GN + NNG
DNA base methylation (guanine ==> 3-methylguanine; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea)
[c]: GN + MNU ⇒ m3GN + NU
DNA base methylation (guanine ==> 7-methylguanine; methyl methanesulphonate)
[c]: GN + H + MMS ⇒ m7GN + MS
DNA base methylation (guanine ==> 7-methylguanine; dimethyl sulfate)
[c]: GN + H + MMSO4 ⇒ m7GN + MSO4
DNA base methylation (guanine ==> 7-methylguanine; N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine)
[c]: GN + H + MNNG ⇒ m7GN + NNG
DNA base methylation (guanine ==> 7-methylguanine; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea)
[c]: GN + H + MNU ⇒ m7GN + NU
DNA base methylation (guanine ==> 8-methylguanine; Methyl radical)
[c]: CH3 + GN + H ⇒ m8GN
DNA base ethylation (guanine ==> 6'-O-ethylguanine; diethyl sulfate)
[c]: DES + GN ⇒ ES + O6eGN
DNA base ethylation (guanine ==> 6'-O-ethylguanine; ethyl methanesulfonate)
[c]: EMS + GN ⇒ MS + O6eGN
DNA base ethylation (guanine ==> 6'-O-ethylguanine; ethyl nitrosourea)
[c]: ENU + GN ⇒ NU + O6eGN
DNA base methylation (guanine ==> 6'-O-methylguanine; methyl methanesulphonate)
[c]: GN + MMS ⇒ MS + O6mGN
DNA base methylation (guanine ==> 6'-O-methylguanine; dimethyl sulfate)
[c]: GN + MMSO4 ⇒ MSO4 + O6mGN
DNA base methylation (guanine ==> 6'-O-methylguanine; N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine)
[c]: GN + MNNG ⇒ NNG + O6mGN
DNA base methylation (guanine ==> 6'-O-methylguanine; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea)
[c]: GN + MNU ⇒ NU + O6mGN
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (guanine ==> 8-Oxo-guanine; 8-hydroxyguanine; hydroxyl radical)
gamma_radiation[e] + GN[c] + hydroxyl_radical[c] ⇒ H[c] + oxo8GN[c]
DNA base alkylation (guanine ==> 7-(2'-oxoethyl)-guanine; chloroethylene oxide)
[c]: chloroethylene_oxide + GN ⇒ CL + oxoethyl7GN
DNA base glucosyl transfer (5'-hydroxymethylcytosine ==> beta-D-glucosylhydroxymethylcytosine; glucose)
[c]: GLC + hm5CSN ⇒ glchm5CSN + H2O
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (5-hydroxymethyluracil ==> 5-formyluracil; hydroxyl radical)
gamma_radiation[e] + hm5URA[c] + hydroxyl_radical[c] ⇒ f5URA[c] + H[c] + H2O[c]
DNA base alkylation (5-hydroxymethyluracil ==> 5'-dihydroxypentyluracil; 1,2-Butylene glycol)
[c]: butylene_glycol + hm5URA ⇒ dhpURA + H2O
DNA base glucosyl transfer (5-hydroxymethyluracil ==> beta-D-glucosylhydroxymethyluracil; base J; glucose)
[c]: GLC + hm5URA ⇒ glchm5URA + H2O
DNA base amination (5-hydroxymethyluracil ==> a-glutamylthymine; L-glutamate)
[c]: GLU + H + hm5URA ⇒ gluTHY + H2O
DNA base amination (5-hydroxymethyluracil ==> alpha-putrescinylthymine; putrescine)
[c]: hm5URA + PTRC ⇒ (2) H + H2O + putTHY
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (hypoxanthine ==> xanthine; hydroxyl radical)
gamma_radiation[e] + hydroxyl_radical[c] + HYXN[c] ⇒ H[c] + XAN[c]
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (3-methylcytosine ==> 3'-hydroxymethylcytosine; hydroxyl radical)
gamma_radiation[e] + hydroxyl_radical[c] + m3CSN[c] ⇒ H[c] + hm3CSN[c]
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (5-methylcytosine ==> 5'-hydroxymethylcytosine; hydroxyl radical)
gamma_radiation[e] + hydroxyl_radical[c] + m5CSN[c] ⇒ H[c] + hm5CSN[c]
Spontaneous abasic site strand break
[c]: dRibose5P_dRibose5P + H2O ⇒ (2) DR5P + H
Spontaneous base deamination (adenine ==> hypoxanthine)
[c]: AD + H2O ⇒ HYXN + NH3
Spontaneous base deamination (cytosine ==> uracil)
[c]: CSN + H2O ⇒ NH3 + URA
Spontaneous base deamination (guanine ==> xanthine)
[c]: GN + H2O ⇒ NH3 + XAN
Spontaneous base deamination (5-methylcytosine ==> thymine)
[c]: H2O + m5CSN ⇒ NH3 + THY
Spontaneous base loss (adenine)
[c]: DAMP + H2O ⇒ AD + DR5P
Spontaneous base loss (cytosine)
[c]: DCMP + H2O ⇒ CSN + DR5P
Spontaneous base loss (guanine)
[c]: DGMP + H2O ⇒ DR5P + GN
Spontaneous base loss (thymine)
[c]: DTMP + H2O ⇒ DR5P + THY
DNA photoisomerization (2'-deoxythymidine-[6,4]-2'-deoxycytidine ==> 2'-deoxythymidine-[6,4]-2'-deoxycytidine dewar product; UV-B)
THY64CSN[c] + UVB_radiation[e] ⇒ THY64CSN_dewar[c]
DNA photoisomerization (2'-deoxythymidine-[6,4]-2'-deoxythymidine ==> 2'-deoxythymidine-[6,4]-2'-deoxythymidine dewar product; UV-B)
THY64THY[c] + UVB_radiation[e] ⇒ THY64THY_dewar[c]
DNA photodimerization (2'-deoxythymidine-p-2'-deoxycytidine ==> cyclobutane 2'-deoxythymidine 2'-deoxycytidine; UV-B)
CSN[c] + THY[c] + UVB_radiation[e] ⇒ cyclobutane_THYCSN[c]
DNA photodimerization (2'-deoxythymidine-p-2'-deoxycytidine ==> 2'-deoxythymidine-[6,4]-2'-deoxycytidine; UV-B)
CSN[c] + THY[c] + UVB_radiation[e] ⇒ THY64CSN[c]
DNA photodimerization (2'-deoxythymidine-p-2'-deoxythymidine ==> cyclobutane 2'-deoxythymidine dimer; UV-B)
(2) THY[c] + UVB_radiation[e] ⇒ cyclobutane_THYTHY[c]
DNA photodimerization (2'-deoxythymidine-p-2'-deoxythymidine ==> 2'-deoxythymidine-[6,4]-2'-deoxythymidine; UV-B)
(2) THY[c] + UVB_radiation[e] ⇒ THY64THY[c]
DNA base reduction (thymine ==> 5,6-dihydrothymine; hydrogen radical)
[c]: (2) hydrogen_radical + THY ⇒ DHTHY
DNA base ethylation (thymine ==> 3'-ethylthymine; diethyl sulfate)
[c]: DES + THY ⇒ e3THY + ES
DNA base ethylation (thymine ==> 3'-ethylthymine; ethyl methanesulfonate)
[c]: EMS + THY ⇒ e3THY + MS
DNA base ethylation (thymine ==> 3'-ethylthymine; ethyl nitrosourea)
[c]: ENU + THY ⇒ e3THY + NU
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (thymine ==> 5-hydroxymethyluracil; hydroxyl radical)
gamma_radiation[e] + hydroxyl_radical[c] + THY[c] ⇒ H[c] + hm5URA[c]
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (thymine ==> 5-hydroxy-6-hydroxythymine; hydroxyl radical)
gamma_radiation[e] + H[c] + hydroxyl_radical[c] + THY[c] ⇒ ho5ho6THY[c]
DNA base methylation (thymine ==> 3'-methylthymine; methyl methanesulphonate)
[c]: MMS + THY ⇒ m3THY + MS
DNA base methylation (thymine ==> 3'-methylthymine; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea)
[c]: MNU + THY ⇒ m3THY + NU
DNA base ethylation (thymine ==> 2'-O-ethylthymine; diethyl sulfate)
[c]: DES + THY ⇒ ES + O2eTHY
DNA base ethylation (thymine ==> 2'-O-ethylthymine; ethyl methanesulfonate)
[c]: EMS + THY ⇒ MS + O2eTHY
DNA base ethylation (thymine ==> 2'-O-ethylthymine; ethyl nitrosourea)
[c]: ENU + THY ⇒ NU + O2eTHY
DNA base methylation (thymine ==> 2'-O-methylthymine; N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine)
[c]: MNNG + THY ⇒ NNG + O2mTHY
DNA base methylation (thymine ==> 2'-O-methylthymine; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea)
[c]: MNU + THY ⇒ NU + O2mTHY
DNA base ethylation (thymine ==> 4'-O-ethylthymine; diethyl sulfate)
[c]: DES + THY ⇒ ES + O4eTHY
DNA base ethylation (thymine ==> 4'-O-ethylthymine; ethyl methanesulfonate)
[c]: EMS + THY ⇒ MS + O4eTHY
DNA base ethylation (thymine ==> 4'-O-ethylthymine; ethyl nitrosourea)
[c]: ENU + THY ⇒ NU + O4eTHY
DNA base methylation (thymine ==> 4'-O-methylthymine; N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine)
[c]: MNNG + THY ⇒ NNG + O4mTHY
DNA base methylation (thymine ==> 4'-O-methylthymine; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea)
[c]: MNU + THY ⇒ NU + O4mTHY
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (thymine ==> thymine glycol; hydroxyl radical)
gamma_radiation[e] + (2) hydroxyl_radical[c] + THY[c] ⇒ THY_GLYC[c]
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (uracil ==> 5,6-dihydroxyuracil; dialuric acid; hydroxyl radical)
gamma_radiation[e] + (2) hydroxyl_radical[c] + URA[c] ⇒ DHURA[c] + (2) H[c]
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (uracil ==> 5-hydroxy-6-hydroxyuracil; hydroxyl radical)
gamma_radiation[e] + H[c] + hydroxyl_radical[c] + URA[c] ⇒ ho5ho6URA[c]
DNA radiation (gamma-ray) induced base oxidation (uracil ==> 5-hydroxyuracil; hydroxyl radical)
gamma_radiation[e] + hydroxyl_radical[c] + URA[c] ⇒ H[c] + ho5URA[c]